BJData¶

The BJData format was derived from and improved upon Universal Binary JSON(UBJSON) specification (Draft 12). Specifically, it introduces an optimized array container for efficient storage of N-dimensional packed arrays (ND-arrays); it also adds 4 new type markers - [u] - uint16, [m] - uint32, [M] - uint64 and [h] - float16 - to unambiguously map common binary numeric types; furthermore, it uses little-endian (LE) to store all numerics instead of big-endian (BE) as in UBJSON to avoid unnecessary conversions on commonly available platforms.

Compared to other binary JSON-like formats such as MessagePack and CBOR, both BJData and UBJSON demonstrate a rare combination of being both binary and quasi-human-readable. This is because all semantic elements in BJData and UBJSON, including the data-type markers and name/string types are directly human-readable. Data stored in the BJData/UBJSON format are not only compact in size, fast to read/write, but also can be directly searched or read using simple processing.

References

BJData Specification

Serialization¶

The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to BJData types according to the BJData specification:

JSON value type	value/range	BJData type	marker
null	`null`	null	`Z`
boolean	`true`	true	`T`
boolean	`false`	false	`F`
number_integer	-9223372036854775808..-2147483649	int64	`L`
number_integer	-2147483648..-32769	int32	`l`
number_integer	-32768..-129	int16	`I`
number_integer	-128..127	int8	`i`
number_integer	128..255	uint8	`U`
number_integer	256..32767	int16	`I`
number_integer	32768..65535	uint16	`u`
number_integer	65536..2147483647	int32	`l`
number_integer	2147483648..4294967295	uint32	`m`
number_integer	4294967296..9223372036854775807	int64	`L`
number_integer	9223372036854775808..18446744073709551615	uint64	`M`
number_unsigned	0..127	int8	`i`
number_unsigned	128..255	uint8	`U`
number_unsigned	256..32767	int16	`I`
number_unsigned	32768..65535	uint16	`u`
number_unsigned	65536..2147483647	int32	`l`
number_unsigned	2147483648..4294967295	uint32	`m`
number_unsigned	4294967296..9223372036854775807	int64	`L`
number_unsigned	9223372036854775808..18446744073709551615	uint64	`M`
number_float	any value	float64	`D`
string	with shortest length indicator	string	`S`
array	see notes on optimized format/ND-array	array	`[`
object	see notes on optimized format	map	`{`

Complete mapping

The mapping is complete in the sense that any JSON value type can be converted to a BJData value.

Any BJData output created by to_bjdata can be successfully parsed by from_bjdata.

Size constraints

The following values can not be converted to a BJData value:

strings with more than 18446744073709551615 bytes, i.e., $2^{64}-1$ bytes (theoretical)

Unused BJData markers

The following markers are not used in the conversion:

Z: no-op values are not created.
C: single-byte strings are serialized with S markers.

NaN/infinity handling

If NaN or Infinity are stored inside a JSON number, they are serialized properly. This behavior differs from the dump() function which serializes NaN or Infinity to null.

Endianness

A breaking difference between BJData and UBJSON is the endianness of numerical values. In BJData, all numerical data types (integers UiuImlML and floating-point values hdD) are stored in the little-endian (LE) byte order as opposed to big-endian as used by UBJSON. Adopting LE to store numeric records avoids unnecessary byte swapping on most modern computers where LE is used as the default byte order.

Optimized formats

Optimized formats for containers are supported via two parameters of to_bjdata:

Parameter use_size adds size information to the beginning of a container and removes the closing marker.
Parameter use_type further checks whether all elements of a container have the same type and adds the type marker to the beginning of the container. The use_type parameter must only be used together with use_size = true.

Note that use_size = true alone may result in larger representations - the benefit of this parameter is that the receiving side is immediately informed of the number of elements in the container.

ND-array optimized format

BJData extends UBJSON's optimized array size marker to support ND-arrays of uniform numerical data types (referred to as packed arrays). For example, the 2-D uint8 integer array [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]], stored as nested optimized array in UBJSON [ [$U#i2 1 2 [$U#i2 3 4 [$U#i2 5 6 ], can be further compressed in BJData to [$U#[$i#i2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 or [$U#[i2 i3] 1 2 3 4 5 6.

To maintain type and size information, ND-arrays are converted to JSON objects following the annotated array format (defined in the JData specification (Draft 3)), when parsed using from_bjdata. For example, the above 2-D uint8 array can be parsed and accessed as

{
    "_ArrayType_": "uint8",
    "_ArraySize_": [2,3],
    "_ArrayData_": [1,2,3,4,5,6]
}

Likewise, when a JSON object in the above form is serialzed using to_bjdata, it is automatically converted into a compact BJData ND-array. The only exception is, that when the 1-dimensional vector stored in "_ArraySize_" contains a single integer or two integers with one being 1, a regular 1-D optimized array is generated.

The current version of this library does not yet support automatic detection of and conversion from a nested JSON array input to a BJData ND-array.

Restrictions in optimized data types for arrays and objects

Due to diminished space saving, hampered readability, and increased security risks, in BJData, the allowed data types following the $ marker in an optimized array and object container are restricted to non-zero-fixed-length data types. Therefore, the valid optimized type markers can only be one of UiuImlMLhdDC. This also means other variable ([{SH) or zero-length types (TFN) can not be used in an optimized array or object in BJData.

Binary values

If the JSON data contains the binary type, the value stored is a list of integers, as suggested by the BJData documentation. In particular, this means that the serialization and the deserialization of JSON containing binary values into BJData and back will result in a different JSON object.

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>

using json = nlohmann::json;
using namespace nlohmann::literals;

// function to print BJData's diagnostic format
void print_byte(uint8_t byte)
{
    if (32 < byte and byte < 128)
    {
        std::cout << (char)byte;
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << (int)byte;
    }
}

int main()
{
    // create a JSON value
    json j = R"({"compact": true, "schema": false})"_json;

    // serialize it to BJData
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> v = json::to_bjdata(j);

    // print the vector content
    for (auto& byte : v)
    {
        print_byte(byte);
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    // create an array of numbers
    json array = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};

    // serialize it to BJData using default representation
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_array = json::to_bjdata(array);
    // serialize it to BJData using size optimization
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_array_size = json::to_bjdata(array, true);
    // serialize it to BJData using type optimization
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_array_size_and_type = json::to_bjdata(array, true, true);

    // print the vector contents
    for (auto& byte : v_array)
    {
        print_byte(byte);
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    for (auto& byte : v_array_size)
    {
        print_byte(byte);
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    for (auto& byte : v_array_size_and_type)
    {
        print_byte(byte);
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

Output:

{i7compactTi6schemaF}
[i1i2i3i4i5i6i7i8]
[#i8i1i2i3i4i5i6i7i8
[$i#i812345678

Deserialization¶

The library maps BJData types to JSON value types as follows:

BJData type	JSON value type	marker
no-op	no value, next value is read	`N`
null	`null`	`Z`
false	`false`	`F`
true	`true`	`T`
float16	number_float	`h`
float32	number_float	`d`
float64	number_float	`D`
uint8	number_unsigned	`U`
int8	number_integer	`i`
uint16	number_unsigned	`u`
int16	number_integer	`I`
uint32	number_unsigned	`m`
int32	number_integer	`l`
uint64	number_unsigned	`M`
int64	number_integer	`L`
string	string	`S`
char	string	`C`
array	array (optimized values are supported)	`[`
ND-array	object (in JData annotated array format)	`[$.#[.`
object	object (optimized values are supported)	`{`

Complete mapping

The mapping is complete in the sense that any BJData value can be converted to a JSON value.

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>

using json = nlohmann::json;

int main()
{
    // create byte vector
    std::vector<std::uint8_t> v = {0x7B, 0x69, 0x07, 0x63, 0x6F, 0x6D, 0x70, 0x61,
                                   0x63, 0x74, 0x54, 0x69, 0x06, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68,
                                   0x65, 0x6D, 0x61, 0x69, 0x00, 0x7D
                                  };

    // deserialize it with BJData
    json j = json::from_bjdata(v);

    // print the deserialized JSON value
    std::cout << std::setw(2) << j << std::endl;
}

Output:

{
  "compact": true,
  "schema": 0
}